# Website

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Total pages: 256

## Pages and links

- [IT Conference 2022](https://www.isbsg.org/it-conference-2022/) - Attend ISBSG's free IT Confidence Conference for 2022. Listen to experts in the software metrics industry discuss the latest developments.
- [Software Industry](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/software-industry/) - A presentation, in Spanish, from AMMS.
- [Agile Project Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/agile-project-productivity/) - ISBSG has collected more data for projects carried out in an agile-way of working. In this short paper, the difference in productivity between traditional and agile projects is analyzed.
- [Estimating Software Costs](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/estimating-software-costs/) - The presentation describes capabilities and capability-based planning. Discussed are the challenges in software cost estimation and how capability-based cost estimation models for software differ throughout the life cycle. I conclude with a summary methodology to develop a capability-based cost estimation for software, which is to define capability groups with similar software functions and associated effort ranges.
- [Development and Enhancement Data](https://www.isbsg.org/development-and-enhancement-data/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-
- [Development and Enhancement Project Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/development-and-enhancement-project-productivity/) - This presentation shows that the productivities for development and enhancement projects should be analysed separately. A rationale, with examples extracted from the ISBSG Development and Enhancement repository is provided.
- [Ifpug Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/2019/08/19/ifpug-sizing/) - This presents the importance of using function points as a benchmarking tool for your software project. In particular, IFPUG sizing is discussed.
- [Analysis of Productivity per Application Type](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/04/17/analysis-of-productivity-per-application-type/) - Do certain application types have better productivity rates than others? This short paper examines the productivity rates for different application types in the ISBSG Repository. It compares statistics to determine which application is a winner in terms of productivity!
- [ITIL4 Guiding Principles](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/04/25/itil4-guiding-principles/) - ITIL4 has 7 recommendations to improving services. They are relevant for all businesses. Use real-life examples to apply these principles from a measurement perspective .
- [Output Based Contracting](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/11/08/output-based-contracting/) - In this short paper, we explain the way ISBSG data can be used to contract application development teams based on output instead of the usual Time & Materials method.
- [Agile Team Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/22/agile-team-productivity/) - Agile software development empowers teams. It enables software to be developed centrally, rather than with a project-specific focus. This requires less management control.
- [Sizing for Estimation and Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/sizing-for-estimation-and-benchmarking/) - Sizing can be a normalizing factor for estimating, measurement and benchmarking. A size measure is required for functional and non-functional size. This uses IFPUG Function Point Analysis and Software non-functional Assessment Process (SNAP).
- [Simple Function Point](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/simple-function-point/) - The contractual management of Agile projects increases the importance of accurate sizing methods.
- [Collect Analyse and Verify](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/collect-analyse-verify/) - Accurate problem setting is the foundation of successful projects, but it can be compromised if information is not rigorously collected and validated. The BABOK® Guide (Business Analysis Body of Knowledge) of the International Institute of Business Analysis—defines Elicitation and Collaboration as a key knowledge areas. They are the foundation for defining project requirements. This talk analyzes elicitation as a cyclical process that supports the quality of problem setting and improves requirem
- [Application Lifecycle Management](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/application-lifecycle-management/) - Requirements play a crucial role in the definition of the boundaries and identity of a project: their traceability, correct development, sharing with the stakeholders and validation determine the project failure or success. Moreover, Quality Assurance (QA) processes facilitate project management activities.
- [Software Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/1730/) - ICEAA's Software Cost Estimation Body of Knowledge (SCEBoK) supports the cost estimation of software projects.
- [IoT Measurement and Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/iot-measurement-and-estimation/) - A discussion of IoT frameworks, adopting a customer-driven approach and cost estimation.
- [Partners](https://www.isbsg.org/partners/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-
- [Agile Team](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/agile-team/) - Managing the IT function in management and development is more important than ever. It is wrongly assumed that agile, DevOps or multidisciplinary teams do not need planning or leadership.
- [Estimation Models](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/estimation-models/) - IT project data enables organizations to generate consistent and statistically significant estimation models.
- [Benchmarking Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/benchmarking-projects/) - Benchmarking enables: comparisons of productivity, quality, time to market, cost efficiency and project estimations.
- [testpdqcsv3](https://www.isbsg.org/testpdqcsv-3/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333
- [Software Quality Trends](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/software-quality-trends/) - The number of defects per 1000 FP developed indicates the effectiveness of the development and testing process.
- [Project Data Validation](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/project-data-validation/) - This analysis compares the data from the AMMS database and the studies carried out by ISBSG.
- [Board and Committee History](https://www.isbsg.org/and-committee-history/) - See all ISBSG board and executive committee members, from the very beginning up to present day.
- [Resources-Outsourcing](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-outsourcing/) - Read the latest articles on outsourcing by experts in software metrics.
- [Floss Sustainability](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/20/floss-sustainability/) - Measuring the sustainability of free/libre, open-source software (i.e. FLOSS) which is developed by the collaboration of programmers.
- [IT Conference](https://www.isbsg.org/it-conference-2022-2/) - [av_slideshow_full size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' conditional_play='' animation='slide' transition_speed='' autoplay='false' interval='5' lazy_loading='disabled' id='home' custom_class='' av_uid='av-kow88zk7'] [av_slide_full slide_type='image' id='2130' video='https://' mobile_image='' fallback_link='https://' title=' ' video_format='' video
- [Software Analytics](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-analytics/) - One of the core considerations with data analytics is recognizing “what is your quest”. Many options and approaches are used in data analytics, several of which are of interest to the software sector.
- [Software Rates](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/20/software-rates/) - Software rates versus function point price? Discover the importance of FP Price and other normalized indicators against typical man hours used in software projects.
- [Software Project Cost](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-project-cost/) - Implementing productivity models helps in the understanding of Software Development Economics, which up to now is not entirely clear. Most organizations believe that the only way to achieve improvements is lowering software rates.
- [Software Effort Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/23/software-effort-estimation/) - Select the most appropriate ISBSG (International Software Benchmarking Standards Group) data, for use in Software Development Effort Estimation.
- [Terms and Conditions](https://www.isbsg.org/terms-and-conditions/) - Please read the ISBSG terms and conditions before using the website.
- [Checkout](https://www.isbsg.org/checkout/) - This is the ISBSG checkout page. Product/s in the shopping cart can be purchased from this page. Credit card and Paypal may be used.
- [Managing Agile Activities](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/managing-agile-activities/) - Agile enables development teams to bring major benefits to software customers. Functionality is delivered faster and closer to business needs than was possible with old ‘waterfall’ processes. COSMIC, IFPUG and Nesma have collaborated to produce a report that shows how their methods can be used to manage Agile-at-Scale activities. This can be achieved whilst leaving existing Agile processes unchanged at the team level. Your free copy of the report is available here.
- [Cobol Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/12/06/cobol-projects/) - We examine number of COBOL Projects submitted to the ISBSG Repository, since the year 2000. The median Project Delivery Rates are compared to determine whether there has been an in increase in productivity for COBOL projects.
- [Quantitative Dependability](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/quantitative-dependability/) - Technological advances in modern Train Control Systems (TCS) improve their dependability, safety, availability, and capacity. However, this raises concerns about the effects that uncertainty in critical TCS parameters (e.g. position and speed) have on dependability-related attributes. This can be examined through quantitative measures, stochastic modeling and evaluation of TCS. In this paper, we illustrate the results of a systematic literature review on quantitative evaluation of dependability-
- [Productivity Data Query Tool](https://www.isbsg.org/product/productivity-data-query-tool/) - The ISBSG Productivity Data Query Tool is easy and quick to use. Specify key information about your project and the tool will find similar projects from the ISBSG Repository. It will then calculate and display productivity statistics for these matching projects.
- [Software Complexity for Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/software-complexity-for-estimation/) - An empirical study, using ISBSG data, challenges the long-held belief that Unadjusted Function Points (UFP) provide more accurate effort estimates for complex projects than simplified measures like Simple Function Points (SFP).
- [Benchmark Report](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/05/30/benchmark-report/) - How would you like to have your project's productivity benchmarked against the ISBSG Repository? This short paper explains how you can receive a free benchmark report, when you submit project data to the ISBSG repository.
- [Gold Partner Application](https://www.isbsg.org/gold-partner-application/) - Join ISBSG in promoting the use of software metrics to benefit project management. Fill in the Gold Partner Application form.
- [Automated Function Points](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/automated-function-points/) - For decades, Functional Size Measurement has been considered best practice for mature organizations, facilitating crucial management processes such as project estimation, project control, performance measurement, benchmarking, vendor management, contracting and others.
- [Functional Measurement of Development](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/functional-measurement-of-development/) - This presentation focuses on measuring content development and publishing features to provide guidelines for sizing CMS development activities that add functionality to the CMS system.
- [25 Years of ISBSG](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/06/25-years-of-isbsg/) - Much has changed in the IT industry over 25 years. This presentation discusses the evolution of software measurement and the people and organizations that have contributed to ISBSG over this period.
- [ISBSG data for Process Improvement](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/07/24/isbsg-data-for-process-improvement/) - Data is a valuable project asset. It guides project estimation, team performance measurement, vendor contracting and benchmarking. Discover how data can be used to improve the IT processes of your organization.
- [IFPUG Boundary](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/ifpug-boundary/) - It is important to properly define boundaries in modern, multi-layered applications. CPM statements can be analyzed from an Asset Management perspective.
- [Software Estimation Bias](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/software-estimation-bias/) - This presentation discusses the issues of estimation bias and strategic mis-estimation as well as how to mitigate these issues. Both the results of Nobel prize winning work and subsequent discoveries by researchers and the author will be discussed.
- [Software Product Documentation](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/software-product-documentation/) - Save money and improve the quality of software projects with effective product documentation.
- [Webinar Registration](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/01/16/webinar-registration/) - [av_one_fourth first min_height='' vertical_alignment='' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_color='' row_boxshadow_width='10' custom_margin='' margin='0px' mobile_breaking='' border='' border_color='' radius='0px' padding='0px' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_color='' column_boxshadow_width='10' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_color1='' background_gradient_color2='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' src='' background_position='top left' background_r
- [Home](https://www.isbsg.org/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='featured' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-img_copyright
- [Analysis of Application Groups](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/04/28/analysis-of-application-groups/) - This short paper compares the productivity of projects that have different application types, from the ISBSG Repository. The application types are: Business Applications, Real-Time Applications, Mathematically-Intensive Application and Infrastructure Software.
- [Landing Page3](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/02/17/landing-page3/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='featured' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-img_copyright
- [How ISBSG Data Supports Output-Based Contracting](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/07/01/how-isbsg-supports-output-based-contracting/) - In the context of Agile application development, input-based Time & Materials (T&M) contracts are considered to be an industry "bad practice". Payment for work is based upon the effort spent, rather than value delivered, potentially ignoring improvements in delivery speed and productivity. To overcome this issue, organizations are increasingly looking towards output-based contracting models that utilize objective, standardized metrics. By leveraging industry-recognized data from the ISBSG alongs
- [Triangle Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/triangle-benchmarking/) - The Triangle Benchmarking concept is based on very few measurements and reasonably light data collection, compared to traditional benchmarking services. It can be easily applied within all kinds of organizations and especially well with Agile software development projects, as the old heavier benchmarking services were applicable and affordable only for very large corporations.
- [How AI Revolutionises Software Measurement Practices](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/how-ai-revolutionises-software-measurement-practices/) - Software measurement is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI). This presentation delves into the tangible ways AI is revolutionizing the core responsibilities of these software metrics professionals, enabling them to achieve new levels of accuracy, efficiency, and strategic impact.
- [Simple Functional Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/simple-functional-sizing/) - A detailed discussion on how the use of patterns can provide a faster way to estimate the functional sizing of applications.
- [Submit Data](https://www.isbsg.org/submit-data/) - ISBSG is a not-for-profit organisation, that relies on software project data submissions. This enables ISBSG to continue sharing information.
- [landing page](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/12/20/landing-page/) - [av_three_fifth first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333
- [Productivity of Enterprise Software](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/productivity-of-enterprise-software/) - This presentation reports the analysis results of clarifying factors that affect productivity of enterprise software projects.
- [Prioritizing Requirements](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/prioritizing-requirements/) - We present the methods that focus solutions to the "Next Release Problem" for agile-driven developments. This includes: new algorithm proposals and novel techniques that model how the software requirements interact .
- [Managing Projects on Budget](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/20/managing-projects-on-budget/) - A discussion of: the key points when undertaking a modernization project and the use of Open Source and the costing of Cloud-based solutions.
- [Productivity per Industry Sector](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/07/05/productivity-per-industry-sector/) - Learn more about the productivity of medium-sized projects in various industry sectors.
- [Agile Metrics and the Impact of Team Size](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/agile-metrics-and-the-impact-of-team-size/) - A study of agile projects in the ISBSG dataset that included metrics such as the number of sprints/iterations and sprint/iteration length was done. This resulted in a normalized velocity metric (FPs Per Sprint Week/Person) that could be used to for benchmarking purposes. This metric, along with team size could be used to examine the productivity changes with different team sizes.
- [Project Size Effort Duration](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/project-size-effort-duration/) - A presentation, in Spanish, examining the relationship between software project size, effort and duration.
- [Software Sizing as an Essential Measure](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/01/24/software-sizing-as-an-essential-measure/) - Software sizing is an essential measure. Learn about its use in evaluating open source and other software code.
- [About](https://www.isbsg.org/about-isbsg/) - ISBSG supports the sharing of IT project knowledge. These valuable benchmarking details help businesses to improve the planning and estimations of their IT projects.
- [Cloud Costing](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/cloud-costing/) - An in-depth analysis of cloud-based computing. It includes: cloud total ownership costing, consideration of technologies, costs and benefits.
- [Cosmic Benchmarking and Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/19/cosmic-benchmarking-and-estimation/) - This presentation discusses the benefits of using Cosmic function points for the benchmarking and measurement of software projects.
- [Software Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2019/08/19/software-cost-estimation/) - Exploration of cost estimation in the information technology (IT) industry.
- [Accurate Estimations](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/19/accurate-estimations/) - Realistic and accurate estimations play an important role in the success of a project. Historical software project data supports accuracy.
- [Performance Metrics in Contracts](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/06/01/performance-metrics-in-contracts/) - By incorporating standard metrics into IT contracts, it becomes possible to measure the performance of the vendor. Find out more about the key performance indicators (KPIs) that can be used in IT contracts, in our ISBSG short paper.
- [Agile Control](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/08/17/agile-control/) - ISBSG partner, IDC, examines how application development teams can incorporate objective metrics into their performance.
- [Analysis of Maintenance and Support Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/07/07/analysis-of-maintenance-and-support-productivity/) - The short paper analyses the effort spent on general and specific software maintenance and support activities.
- [Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/benchmarking/) - Using the example of Toyota, we will learn the main practices that allow maximum digital transformation: benchmarking.
- [Software Productivity Measurement](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/software-productivity-measurement/) - In this industry report, Challenges in Productivity Measurement in the software industry are addressed and the way ISBSG data can be used to benchmark productivity of completed projects, releases and sprints is explained.
- [Resources](https://www.isbsg.org/resources/) - ISBSG has a wealth of resources (i.e. reports, articles, conference papers and videos) on a wide range of software management topics.
- [Resources- Maintenance and Support](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-maintenance-and-support/) - A significant proportion of your IT budget may be spent on maintenance and support. Review ISBSG resources on this important topic.
- [Reports](https://www.isbsg.org/product/reports-2/) - Expand your knowledge on a range of relevant project topics. At ISBSG, our experts statistically analyze our project data to produce relevant reports that will benefit your project planning and management.
- [Benchmarking to Improve Performance](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/05/24/benchmarking-to-improve-performance/) - Pekka Forselius, Senior Advisor to FiSMA, examines ISBSG, a driving force behind the international standard for IT project performance benchmarking. Learn how benchmarking can be simplified to improve project performance.
- [Using ISBSG Data to Measure Team Performance](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/08/18/using-isbsg-data-to-measure-team-performance/) - Calculate key 'market average' metrics from ISBSG data. These metrics can then be used to benchmark your team's performance.
- [Productivity Trends](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/06/01/productivity-trends/) - This short paper analyses the data from the ISBSG Repository for software project productivity trends.
- [Global Trends in Software Engineering](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/03/14/global-trends-in-software-engineering/) - This short paper summarises the results of the recently published Global Trend Research Report on Software Engineering, published by the Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA) of Japan. Many experts from the software measurement community, (e.g., from Nesma, COSMIC, IFPUG, ISBSG, etc.,) were interviewed and provided input for this research.
- [Productivity Improvements for Java Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/06/07/productivity-improvements-for-java-projects/) - Java is a powerful, programming language used for many applications. This short paper compares the productivity of different-sized Java projects.
- [Agile Team Effort](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/22/agile-team-effort/) - This addresses why agile development teams should ignore estimates and focus on development tasks. New strategies should also be adopted.
- [Measuring with Cosmic](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/measuring-with-cosmic/) - up to now there exists no agreed method of measuring defects in ICT. UML sequence diagrams is a software model that describes data movements between actors and objects and allows for automated measurements using ISO/IEC 19761 COSMIC. Can we also use it for defect measurements that allows applying standard Six Sigma techniques to ICT by measuring both functional size and defect density in the same model?
- [Software Sizing Methods](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/software-sizing-methods/) - Functional size (function points) is the only international standard to measure the size of software in a standardized, objective, repeatable, verifiable and therefore defensible way. This report examines methods used by projects in the ISBSG Data Repository.
- [Estimation Improvement](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/estimation-improvement/) - A large proportion of software projects are delivered over-budget and behind time. Accurate project estimations are needed to overcome this issue.
- [Software KPIs](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-kpis/) - This presentation provides a walkthrough of application development KPIs that were used to understand the performance of a 6,000 Function Points program. This program composed of 18 modules/projects was delivered in 20 months consuming over 220,000 hours. Several analysis were performed during the program execution but the presentation focus on the final results and lessons learned.
- [Newsletter Subscription](https://www.isbsg.org/newsletter-subscription/) - subscribe to the ISBSG Newsletter and receive the latest news from the world of IT metrics
- [Process Improvement Benchmarks](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/process-improvement-benchmarks/) - Organizations are constantly pressured to prove their value to their leadership and customers. A relative comparison to “peer groups” is often seen as useful and objective, so benchmarking becomes important.
- [IFPUG SNAP Analysis](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/ifpug-snap-analysis/) - Learn about the measurement of device-centric applications. Use approaches to establish the applicability and ensure the repeatability of these measurements. IFPUG Function Point and SNAP methods are applied to IoT wearable devices, such as the FitBit.
- [Agile Velocity](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/agile-velocity/) - This talk explains how the ISBSG database can be used to determine velocity in terms of size, based on the story points assigned to story cards. No additional metrics are needed except some automated COSMIC counting. The approach uses the powerful concept of transfer functions, and also the Buglione-Trudel matrix for determining story cards priorities.
- [Productivity and Software Size](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/19/productivity-and-software-size/) - An examination on the effect of: project size on productivity and the effort spent on phases of the project lifecycle. Agile projects are considered.
- [Cosmic Estimate Validation](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/cosmic-estimate-validation/) - This case study describes a validation estimates model based on COSMIC sizing. The model uses a density function to help define validation criteria.
- [Measuring Value Added](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/04/measuring-value-added/) - With agile, you choose to develop the functionality that provides the most value for the customer, post-development. What functionality does the customer receive and how can it be measured?
- [Cost Estimation Model](https://www.isbsg.org/2019/08/19/cost-estimation-model/) - This detailed statistical and mathematical study examines the factors that influence productivity and work efficiency . A cost validity model is then proposed to evaluate the proposed cost.
- [Analysis of Cosmic Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/05/31/analysis-of-cosmic-projects/) - This short paper focuses on projects, in the ISBSG Repository, that are sized using COSMIC functional-sizing methods.
- [Productivity and Defect Statistics](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/productivity-and-defect-statistics/) - Learn more about productivity and defect statistics from the software industry in China.
- [Joint Confidence Level](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/joint-confidence-level/) - Joint Confidence Level Analysis was successful used for NASA. Learn how parametric and machine learning methods were used.
- [Development & Maintenance Benchmarking Certification](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/11/27/dev-maint-benchmarking/) - The IFPUG AD/M (Application Development and Maintenance) Benchmarking Certification ensures that benchmarking service providers meets the necessary requirements to perform an AD/M benchmark analysis. This certification evaluates the provider’s competency by examining evidence and criteria established in accordance with ISO/IEC 29155 tasks and activities. This webinar introduces the new CEPAS SCH174 certification exam (Measurement Specialist), illustrates the development of ‘maturity models’ and 
- [Re-evaluation of Estimation Study Results using ISBSG Data](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/02/27/re-evaluation-of-estimation-study-results-using-isbsg-data/) - This webinar evaluates any differences between replications of research studies that used ISBSG data, to estimate software-effort.
- [Cart](https://www.isbsg.org/cart/) - The ISBSG shopping cart contains all purchases made from the ISBSG website.
- [Benchmarking to Improve Competitiveness](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/09/10/benchmarking-to-improve-competitiveness/) - Software projects face many challenges, all of which can increase costs and decrease productivity. This presentation looks at the use of benchmarking, to improve the management and control of projects.
- [Submit Data to ISBSG](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/01/21/estimation-of-a-redevelopment-project-2-2-2-2/) - ISBSG's mission is: to support organizations and help them to improve the estimation, planning, control and management of IT software projects and/or maintenance and support contracts. ISBSG achieves its mission through the collection of data from software development, enhancement, and maintenance projects. This data is submitted to ISBSG by software metrics organizations worldwide. This short report explains how you can assist ISBSG in its support of the software industry. Learn how simple it i
- [Automotive Software Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/automotive-software-benchmarking/) - This presentation discusses software for the Automotive sector in order to point out further data that could be possibly collected by ISBSG.
- [Reduce Project Costs](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/19/reduce-project-costs/) - The use of accurate software measurement and benchmarking is shown to be a significant way to save project costs.
- [Cybersecurity Cost Data](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/cybersecurity-cost-data/) - It is extremely costly to defend against a cybersecurity attack. Studies indicate that a typical breach is not detected for 200 days. Learn about approaches for estimating costs for cybersecurity.
- [Nesma Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/nesma-estimation/) - This paper evaluates the validity of using NESMA EFP as an alternative to IFPUG FP, in the early estimation of software development effort.
- [Analysis of Delivery Speed](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/04/15/analysis-of-delivery-speed-2/) - Many organizations have moved to an agile way of working. Their goal is to produce as much value as possible in fixed iterations (sprints). Story Point estimation, which is used to estimate work effort, is a non-standardized, subjective, relative estimation method. Only effort metrics based on standardized methods for functional size measurement can be used to compare team performance metrics, such as Velocity (Delivery Speed) in a meaningful way. In the ISBSG Repository, the sizes of projects a
- [Professional Partnership](https://www.isbsg.org/product/professional-partnership/) - Become an ISBSG Professional partner and receive the following benefits: Data for 100 Development Enhancement projects or Maintenance Support projects. An ISBSG report of your choice. A one-month subscription to the ISBSG Productivity Data Query Tool. Certificate of Partnership Opportunity to have your software-metrics article published in the ISBSG monthly newsletter (subject to ISBSG approval).
- [Software Business Improvements](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-business-improvements/) - In an IT context companies struggling to increase profits and often view IT as a necessary evil: one that consumes resources rather contributes to the bottom line. These organizations often don’t see value in data collection analysis or benchmarking either. However, IT can be a significant contributor when IT decisions are made after measuring and estimating both cost and return.
- [Function Point Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/04/24/function-point-sizing/) - Discover the key points of function point methodology: product focus, communication, context of software development, standard methods.
- [Agile Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/22/agile-benchmarking-2/) - A summarization of Agile studies is presented: 016 benchmarking results, Agile adoption, Agile and CMMI, Agile scaling and building an Agile culture.
- [Agile Functional Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/agile-functional-sizing/) - Brazilian IT company, TI Métricas, draw upon their experience in the software industry to examine functional sizing methods, including Agile.
- [Data Modelling](https://www.isbsg.org/2017/08/20/data-modelling/) - Historical IT project data can be used for data modelling. This is to enable forecasting of: project costs, schedules, defects and effort.
- [Java Project Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/java-project-productivity/) - Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. There is a lot of available data of Java projects in the 2021 ISBSG Development & Enhancement repository - over 2000 projects. This short paper examines the productivity of these projects.
- [Productivity of .NET projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/06/01/productivity-of-net-projects/) - .NET is a popular developer platform used to build applications. .NET productivity data from the ISBSG Repository is analysed in a short paper.
- [Project Management Triangle](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/project-management-triangle/) - However, especially in ICT industry majority of the projects overrun both the budget and schedule, and deliver less functionality than expected. In this presentation we take another look at the project management triangle, to learn how to get more outcomes with spending less money and time.
- [ISBSG Maintenance and Support Data](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/04/isbsg-maintenance-and-support-data/) - It is believed that software maintenance activities represents somewhere between 65 and 85 percent of an application’s total ownership cost. This study focuses on ISBSG's Maintenance and Support data. It identifies maintenance trends for various activities.
- [Historical Data](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/historical-data/) - In DevOps the “Third Way” means “continuous experimentation & learning”. This is the highest maturity level for decision-making.
- [Software Project Schedule](https://www.isbsg.org/2019/08/19/software-project-schedule/) - So your project is behind schedule. This presentation discusses project schedules and solutions to this common problem.
- [Resources-Agile](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-agile/) - Explore ISBSG articles, webinars and presentations on the topic of agile development.
- [Subscriptions](https://www.isbsg.org/subscriptions/) - ISBSG helps the world's leading IT companies achieve project-planning success. Subscriptions provide options for companies that aim to improve their planning.
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- [Resources-Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-sizing/) - Learn about the importance of software size, as an important factor in estimating cost. Read articles on software sizing by experts.
- [Contact Us](https://www.isbsg.org/contact-us/) - Use the contact form for questions, comments and feedback. ISBSG will respond to all questions within three business days.
- [Resources-Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-benchmarking/) - Explore ISBSG articles, webinars and presentations on the topic of software benchmarking.
- [Academic Research Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/academic-research-projects/) - ISBSG data is trusted by university academics for their research. It has been used extensively by international universities.
- [Webinar February](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/26/webinar-february/) - The ISBSG data is examined, to increase understanding and to demonstrate how it can be used to benchmark your IT project.
- [Software Benchmarking Tests](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/software-benchmarking-tests/) - Testing is an essential area of the software development lifecycle. Testing density can be measured and benchmarked. Learn how to measure tests, defects, test density and predict reliability.
- [Measuring Microservice and Cloud Applications](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/measuring-microservice-and-cloud-applications/) - Counting examples will be presented in cloud architectures, highlighting critical aspects of functional measurement . This will show their relevance on the accuracy of the results.
- [Software Rates](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/software-rates-2/) - The impact of different factors upon Function Point (FP) is explored, such as implementation of estimation/productivity models & de-localization of providers
- [Effort Estimation in Software Development Projects Using Supervised Machine Learning](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/effort-estimation-in-software-development-projects-using-supervised-machine-learning/) - This presentation analyses a machine learning model, that uses ISBSG Data for effort estimation. It accuracy is discussed along with the future. Such machine learning models support the development of predictive tools tailored to individual organizational contexts.
- [Agile Team Performance Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/02/16/agile-team-performance-benchmarking-2-2/) - While traditional performance metrics often measure individual output or adherence to pre-defined plans, measuring performance in agile teams requires a different approach. Agile teams operate in iterative cycles, prioritizing adaptability and learning over rigid goals. Organizations still measure their performance for the following reasons: transparency and communication, learning and continuous improvement and ensuring value delivery.
- [Software Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-cost-estimation-2/) - The Total Cost Management Framework of the Authority for the Advancement of Cost Engineering International is an integrated approach to Project Management.
- [Discover What ISBSG Offers](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/24/discover-what-isbsg-offers/) - Find out what ISBSG offers and how ISBSG can help you and your project, with this informative guide.
- [Planning for Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/06/24/planning-for-productivity/) - Luigi Buglione, President of Italian Software Metrics Association, discusses the ‘Planning Game’. This strategy describes how to improve project estimations, using correct productivity levels.
- [Effort Distribution in Agile Teams](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/03/16/effort-distribution-in-agile-teams/) - In this short paper, the difference in productivity (i.e., effort distribution) between traditional and agile projects is analysed. It explores the importance of optimal effort distributions in agile development and discusses general trends. It compares a subset of ISBSG project data to general effort distribution observed in agile development teams.
- [Events](https://www.isbsg.org/events/) - ISBSG presents news and events from the world of software-metrics.
- [Resources-Project Control](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-project-control/) - Improve your knowledge and understanding of project control. Read articles by leading software experts.
- [The Benefits of Software Metrics for Product Owners](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/02/26/the-benefits-of-software-metrics-for-product-owners/) - In agile software development, the Product Owner is often caught between the pressure for rapid feature rollout and the need for realistic, data-backed forecasting. Relying on "gut feelings" or inconsistent team-specific metrics, such as story points, makes it nearly impossible to communicate value or manage stakeholder expectations . By adopting standardized functional size measurement (FSM), e.g., Nesma, IFPUG or COSMIC function points, in tandem with ISBSG benchmark data, Product Owners can f
- [Outsourcing Measurement](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/outsourcing-measurement/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_color='' row_boxshadow_width='10' custom_margin='' margin='0px' mobile_breaking='' border='' border_color='' radius='0px' padding='0px' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_color='' column_boxshadow_width='10' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_color1='' background_gradient_color2='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' src='' background_position='top left' background_rep
- [Estimation of a Redevelopment Project](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/16/estimation-of-a-redevelopment-project/) - An international, pharmaceutical company had to redevelop functionality in a critical system that was integrated with numerous other applications, including clinical data management processes. To address this, the company initiated two options: Identify a replacement package with similar functionality OR redevelop the functionality themselves. This short report focuses on the estimation process for the redevelopment option, using ISBSG data to deliver a robust, data-driven estimate. It highlight
- [Low-code Project Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/low-code-project-productivity/) - A high-level analysis is given of the productivity differences between traditional languages, such as Java or .Net and low code technologies (i.e. drag and drop).
- [Price per Function Point Contract](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/12/13/price-per-function-point-contract/) - Velocity is a key metric which is used to measure the work delivered by an Agile team. While story points represent the effort required to complete a unit of work, they are subjective. Therefore, the velocity calculated using story points can be unreliable. However, function points, which quantify the functional size of software, provide a more objective and consistent basis for measuring velocity. By using function points, teams can gain a clearer understanding of their delivery speed and make 
- [Outsourcing Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/outsourcing-productivity/) - Based on the speaker’s experience negotiating and managing many outsourcing contracts using Function Points as a Key Performance Indicator, this presentation describes the pitfalls that can be experienced if one takes too simplistic a view of the meaning and use of Function Point data and suggests ways in which they may be avoided.
- [Legacy Applications](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/01/09/legacy-applications/) - This short paper examines a high-level business case to to rebuild a Cobol legacy application in Java. ISBSG Data, for similar Java projects, provides metrics for: cost, effort, maintenance and support. This information is used as the basis for the business case.
- [Project Cost per FP](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/02/02/project-cost-per-fp/) - ‘Cost per Function Point’ is an industry best practice to ensure that both the customer and the supplier benefit from high productivity. This short paper analyzes the cost and functional size of projects from the ISBSG Repository.
- [Successful Software Project Delivery](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/03/24/successful-software-project-delivery/) - Successful software delivery relies on: accurate planning & estimation, managing scope, using correct resources and methodologies, being AGILE and innovative.
- [Analysis of Delivery Speed](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/05/31/analysis-of-delivery-speed/) - This short report focuses on software written in Java, a widely used programming language used for a variety of popular applications. The delivery speed of Java applications, from the ISBSG repository, will be examined.
- [Data for Decisions](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/04/data-for-decisions/) - Learn how ISBSG data is used in practice to make better decisions regarding Application Development related issues.
- [Academic](https://www.isbsg.org/academic/) - Academics trust the quality of ISBSG project data and use it for their research projects and papers.
- [Software Development Improvement](https://www.isbsg.org/2014/08/22/software-development-improvement/) - By analyzing historical data from the software industry, it is possible to improve the software productivity and quality. This is done through benchmarking and management decisions about software development practices.
- [Software Productivity Versus Speed](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/software-productivity-versus-speed/) - The Project Delivery Rate of a project expresses how many effort hours were spent, on average, to create one function point. Speed expresses how many function points are created per calendar month. So there is a relationship since both metrics refer to effort and time. The question is: “How are these metrics related?”
- [Analysis of Velocity (Speed of Delivery)](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/03/24/analysis-of-velocity-speed-of-delivery/) - The differences between the Agile concept of velocity and the traditional idea of delivery speed is discussed. The results from analyzes of Velocity (Delivery Speed) of recent, Java projects in the ISBSG repository is displayed. In particular, the Delivery Speed of projects within different functional-size groupings is considered.
- [Cloud Solutions](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/cloud-solutions/) - This presentation explores cloud computing and cloud solutions. It provides: an overview of the implications and costs of migration to the cloud and it uses a case study to demonstrate migration of the ‘same’ capability in each of the three cloud solution scenarios.
- [Analysis of Extra Large Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/11/14/analysis-of-extra-large-projects/) - We will look at the XL projects in the ISBSG database. These are projects with a functional size that is greater than 3000 Nesma or IFPUG function Points. The following characteristics will be investigated: delivery rate and speed, projects per industry sector, project duration based on programming language, year of completion.
- [Software Benchmarking Goals](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/software-benchmarking-goals/) - An objective of software benchmarking is to obtain a balanced approach to software development ensuring that important project factors are considered.
- [Software Data Collection](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/software-data-collection/) - This presentation expands the definition of software data and its scope. It also discusses the needs of next generation IT projects.
- [Testing Process Assessment](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/04/testing-process-assessment/) - One of the biggest problems in software development is the quality assurance of the delivered product. This depends directly on the testing process used. See how to improve testing processes with the use of market data.
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- [Data-Driven Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/data-driven-cost-estimation/) - This presentation examines the impact of private and public industry data on cost estimation of software projects.
- [Testimonials](https://www.isbsg.org/testimonials/) - ISBSG has helped IT companies improve the planning of their software projects. Read their reviews and testimonials.
- [Agile Benchmarking](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/agile-benchmarking/) - Learn about experience-based and research-based benchmarking in agile. This includes: client reactions to agile and trends in agile methods and practices.
- [Productivity Improvements](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/25/productivity-improvements/) - The ISBSG Development and Enhancement Repository contains data for software projects that can track productivity improvements.
- [BIG Data for Software Engineering Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/big-data-for-software-engineering-estimation/) - Big Data in software engineering estimation, can be a valuable tool to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and transparency of the estimation process. However, it is important to be aware of the challenges associated with using big data before adopting this approach.
- [Cloud Computing](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/26/cloud-computing/) - When business leaders move their IT systems and infrastructure into the cloud, their capital is not tied up in maintaining data-centers.
- [Manpower Delivery Rate](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/01/07/manpower-delivery-rate/) - ISBSG has data for more than12,500 development projects, new releases and agile sprints. This data can be used to calculate a number of important metrics, including Manpower Delivery Rate (MDR). This is the number of functional size units delivered per person per elapsed month. This short report examines the MDR for different project criteria in the ISBSG Repository.
- [Software Cost Estimation of Maintenance and Support](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/07/17/software-cost-estimation-of-maintenance-and-support/) - M&S activities can consume a significant portion (65% - 85%) of a software application's total cost. Therefore, accurate estimation of M&S effort is crucial for organizations to effectively plan resources and budgets. This report explores how ISBSG data can be used to estimating an application's M&S effort.
- [Estimating Software Effort](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/08/23/estimating-software-effort/) - Estimating the effort required to develop software is known as software effort estimation (SEE). The support vector regression (SVR), a machine learning algorithm, has been successfully used for effort estimation of cross company (CC) data sets.
- [Resources – All](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-all/) - [av_slideshow_full size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' conditional_play='' animation='slide' transition_speed='' autoplay='false' interval='5' lazy_loading='disabled' id='home' custom_class='' av_uid='av-kow88zk7'] [av_slide_full slide_type='image' id='873' video='https://' mobile_image='' fallback_link='https://' title='ISBSG Resources - Informa
- [Agile Project Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/agile-project-estimation/) - A case study of an Agile project. Learn how estimations of: effort, costs of and testing requirements, were produced in a tight timeframe.
- [Effect of Planning on Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/effect-of-planning-on-productivity/) - The focus of this presentation is on the input effort delivered by the team to do work, rather than the work output and factors affecting productivity. We will first revisit and clarify some fundamental concepts of Team Size and Team Power. We will then investigate (empirically) the nature of the relationship between Average Team Power and Average Team Size.
- [Software Project Effort Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2012/08/23/software-project-effort-estimation/) - Many cost estimation models have been proposed over the last three decades. In this study, we investigate fuzzy ID3 decision tree as a method for software effort estimation.
- [Software Verification Validation](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/software-verification-validation/) - The complex software applications controlling critical safety domains, such as transportation, raise increasing concerns about the ability of software development, verification and validation processes to avoid the presence of software faults in such applications. An account of currently applied techniques and of open research challenges will be given.
- [Government versus Non-Government Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/09/20/government-versus-non-government-projects/) - Government versus non-government projects - which organization type has higher productivity or a greater speed of project delivery? It's often assumed that non-government organizations might have an advantage due to their flexibility and agility. However, the evidence does not always agree. ISBSG has a valuable repository of project data that enables the in-depth analysis of the factors influencing project success. This short paper uses ISBSG Data to compare productivity and speed of delivery fo
- [Agile Teams Guide to Predictability](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/05/31/agile-teams-guide-to-predictability/) - Aiming for high performance in Agile development often begins with the realization that team-specific metrics (e.g. story points) don't sufficiently demonstrate true excellence. These measures assist with internal coordination, but lack the objective rigor required to prove that a team is delivering competitive value compared to industry standards. By adopting standardized functional size measurement (e.g. Nesma, IFPUG, or COSMIC) and historical project data, development teams can finally quanti
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- [Software Metrics Supports Business Decisions](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/05/13/software-metrics-supports-business-decisions/) - Ultimately, measuring performance in agile teams is about: supporting continuous improvement, making informed decisions, ensuring value delivery and fostering a collaborative and learning-oriented culture. By correctly using the right metrics, organizations can empower their agile teams to thrive and deliver exceptional results.
- [Data Subscription](https://www.isbsg.org/data-subscription-2/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-
- [IT Conference Presentations](https://www.isbsg.org/it-conference-presentations/) - ISBSG host conference that enable the sharing of insights and information on software metrics. See all presentations from ISBSG conferences.
- [Corporate Subscription](https://www.isbsg.org/product/corporate-subscription/) - Note: Your Corporate Subscription will be activated when your signed Corporate Subscription License agreement has been received by ISBSG. Signed License Agreements should be sent to staff@isbsg.org An ISBSG Corporate Subscription includes: copies of both ISBSG Data repositories, copies of all current ISBSG reports, a 12-month subscription to the Productivity Data Query tool, a report of your choice on a chosen topic and copies of all ISBSG reports. Please allow 24 hours for the ISBSG Data to be 
- [Price per FP Contract](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/11/14/estimation-of-a-redevelopment-project-2-2/) - A consultancy firm assisted an IT Services provider to win a large, European government Price-per-FP contract using ISBSG data. The data, for more than 11000 software projects, provided valuable benchmarks that were used to compare productivity and cost. This enabled the IT Services provider to produce a competitive price-per-FP offer that beat 20 rival bidders. Learn about the strategic value of ISBSG benchmarks in fixed-price, functional sizing contracts.
- [Monitoring Agile Development](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/14/monitoring-agile-development/) - Create new functionality, enhance existing functionality, remove technical debt, compensate respective effort in a controlled, measurable way.
- [Effort Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/04/04/effort-estimation/) - There are two fundamental approaches to support software project’s effort and cost estimation: parametric cost models and analogy-based processes. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a planning tool, often poorly used to support such crucial needs. We must clearly identify, in the WBS, the activities covered by the parametric models and those should be estimated as a result of the expert judgement. The presentation will focus on analyzing these aspects by presenting good and bad practices in t
- [CRM Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/02/02/crm-projects/) - This short paper determines whether there are key factors that influence the productivity and delivery speed of CRM projects.
- [Benchmarking Application Development Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/01/09/benchmarking-application-development-projects/) - This short report explains why the benchmarking of application development projects and teams is an important activity. It enables comparisons between your project and projects produced by industry leaders as a basis for improvement.
- [Concept of Operation](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/concept-of-operation/) - Estimating the cost and schedule of custom software development from preliminary requirements or a Concept of Operations (ConOps) document can be challenging. Software size and productivity are major drivers of software development costs. This presentation outlines a streamlined six-step process to develop a data-founded and defensible cost and schedule ROM estimate from high-level requirements/ConOps documents. A sample ConOps case study will be used to demonstrate the six-step process.
- [Evaluating Digital Intangible Assets using ICT Measurement Standards](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/evaluating-digital-intangible-assets-using-ict-measurement-standards/) - This presentation explores accounting reporting methods that use technical and economic measurements of intangible assets. By leveraging measurement standards such as FPA (Function Point Analysis), SNAP (Software Non-functional Assessment Process), and project management methodologies, a comprehensive understanding of the fair value of digital assets can be achieved.
- [Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/23/cost-estimation/) - A trading company would like to replace a large legacy application with an application that offers the same functionality. Senior management understands that an accurate estimate is the basis for a successful project. They intend to carry out an independent cost estimation by a specialized third party. In this case study, the steps that were carried out are listed and the results are given.
- [ISBSG Data Analysis](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/isbsg-data-analysis/) - As corporate subscribers and partners to the International Software Benchmarks Standards Group (ISBSG ), PRICE has access to a wealth of data about software projects.
- [Productivity Data Query Tool](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/11/23/productivity-data-query-tool/) - Making accurate project estimations can be challenging. Being able to precisely determine project duration, effort and delivery rate are essential for the success of your IT project. The ISBSG Productivity Data Query (PDQ) Tool lets you benchmark your project estimates against similar projects from the IT industry in minutes. This short paper uses a simple example to demonstrate this.
- [Data Subscription](https://www.isbsg.org/product/project-data-subscription/) - Software project data from the following ISBSG repositories: Development and Enhancement Maintenance and Support
- [Use of Function Points](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/01/23/use-of-function-points/) - Functional size (function points) is universally considered to be the square meter of the software industry. It is the only international standard used to measure the size of software in a standardized, objective, repeatable, verifiable and defensible way.
- [No-Code Low-Code](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/10/04/low-code-no-code/) - “Low Code/No Code” is a new development paradigm. It shortens re-development times (and costs) when an organization decides to move software system/application from old, legacy architecture to a newer, more maintainable one.
- [Automated Function Analysis](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/automated-function-analysis/) - We present a prototype of a technical framework to perform AFP (Automated Function Point Analysis) on software built on a canonical architecture (Java Enteprise with Entities modeled using JPA 2.0 – the Java Persistence Framework). The solution is integrated in Sonarqube. It allows for on-the-fly assessment of a new quality metric that we propose, called “Technical Delay”.
- [Shop](https://www.isbsg.org/shop/) - The ISBSG Shop displays all products and services available from ISBSG.
- [Practical Applications of ISBSG Data](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/03/29/practical-applications-of-isbsg-data/) - Harold Van Heeringen has extensively used ISBSG Data as a benchmarking tool for client organizations. In this webinar, Harold uses his expertise to demonstrate how ISBSG data (in Excel-format and via the ISBSG Productivity Data Query Tool) can be used to improve estimation and planning.
- [Agile Team Size Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/agile-team-size-estimation/) - For agile teams, it’s usually quite easy to estimate the cost. The important management questions are: How many people should be in the team in order to have specific functionality at a given time? How can progress be measured during this time?
- [Software Testing Effort](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-testing-effort/) - The presentation discusses key test effort data on: development/enhancement projects, business applications, real-time applications.
- [Software Estimation Accuracy](https://www.isbsg.org/2013/08/22/software-estimation-accuracy/) - Using data from completed software projects in the ISBSG repository, we will look at how people have gone about estimating their software projects and how well they did it. We will look at estimation techniques used, the accuracy of estimates and relationships between the estimates.
- [Conference Presentation](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/05/17/conference-presentation/) - The information below describes the requirements for papers submitted for the ISBSG Confidence Conference
- [IFPUG SNAP](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/ifpug-snap/) - Effectively identifying and understanding Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) is the current frontier in software projects. The models and standards that define them evolve, closely tied to technological advancements. This is a challenge in the field of software measurement. Today, IFPUG SNAP is the first ISO/IEEE standard for sizing these dimensions of software. Now is the time to start collecting historical data for these new sizing units — and a new ISBSG Data Collection Questionnaire (DCQ) is
- [The Benefits of Software Metrics for Scrum Masters](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/03/25/the-benefits-of-software-metrics-for-scrum-masters/) - The use of functional size measurement and software metric data provide Scrum Masters with a more reliable indicator of their team's performance and productivity. By comparison, Story Points may be useful for internal team coordination, but make it difficult to compare performance across different teams or against industry standards. This short report discusses how Scrum Masters benefit from using functional size and standardized metrics based on ISBSG data.
- [Harry Potter and the 7 Secrets of the IFPUG Function](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/04/30/harry-potter-and-the-7-secrets-of-the-ifpug-function/) - Julián Gómez, Brand Manager LedaMC discusses the 7 key points of function point methodology: product focus, improved communications, contextualizing software developments, method standardization and certification.
- [Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/05/31/data-warehouse-and-business-intelligence/) - This short paper examines the delivery speed of Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence projects, from the ISBSG Repository.
- [Non-Functional Requirements](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/non-functional-requirements/) - Non-Functional Requirements are a challenging concept. How can NFR data be gathered and used to improve effort/cost estimations.
- [Project Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/23/project-estimation/) - Time and time again, the software industry struggles to come up with accurate estimates for software development projects, releases, or sprints. Lack of understanding of the performance of development teams in combination with low maturity estimation processes, often result in overly optimistic project estimates that are highly probable to result in failing projects and severe cost and schedule overruns.
- [Story Points versus Function Points](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/12/22/story-points-versus-function-points/) - This short paper describes and compares two methods of measurement used in software projects - Story Points and Functional Size Measurement. The choice of metrics can significantly influence decision-making and behavior within an organization. Therefore Story Points and Functional Size Measurement are rated for their relevance to "good" metrics (e.g., cost effectiveness).
- [Software Data Estimates](https://www.isbsg.org/2015/08/22/software-data-estimates/) - This paper chronicles a journey that PRICE Systems has traveled with an Army customer to develop and institutionalize a process for the collection and application of historical cost data for software projects. Price is now armed with the right tools and processes to deliver defendable, credible estimates to their program office.
- [Corporate Subscription](https://www.isbsg.org/corporate-subscription-2/) - [av_slideshow_full size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' conditional_play='' animation='slide' transition_speed='' autoplay='false' interval='5' lazy_loading='disabled' id='home' custom_class='' av_uid='av-kow88zk7'] [av_slide_full slide_type='image' id='741' video='https://' mobile_image='' fallback_link='https://' title='ISBSG’s premier subscript
- [Benchmarking Agile Teams](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/02/24/benchmarking-agile-teams/) - Standardized functional sizing methods can produce KPIs that compare teams and benchmark their productivity against independent data sources.
- [Resources-Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-productivity/) - ISBSG is a not-for-profit organisation, that relies on software project data submissions. This enables ISBSG to continue sharing information.
- [Cost Risk Analysis](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/cost-risk-analysis/) - The management of modernization projects, in cloud and open-source environments, with a focus on cost risk analysis.
- [Application Portfolio Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/application-portfolio-estimation/) - Organizations should prioritize software investments. Better estimations enable limited resources to be used in the most efficient way.
- [Gold Partnership](https://www.isbsg.org/product/gold-partnership/) - This is ISBSG's premier Partnership for corporate or non-for-profit organizations. Become an active member of the ISBSG Board. Work with other partners to promote your organization and the use of software metrics.
- [Bronze Partnership](https://www.isbsg.org/product/bronze-partnership/) - Purchase an ISBSG Bronze Partnership and earn commissions on products resold to your members. Also receive discounts for your members. Share revenue for jointly-developed products. Attend the annual ISBSG Workshop. Have your company logo and biographical details featured on the ISBSG website. Receive a Partnership certificate.
- [testnew](https://www.isbsg.org/pdq-tool-2/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333
- [Board](https://www.isbsg.org/board/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-
- [Maintenance and Support Data](https://www.isbsg.org/maintenance-and-support-data/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='entry_without_sidebar' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-
- [Defect Density](https://www.isbsg.org/2022/06/01/defect-density/) - This short paper analyses defect data for Java and .NET projects. It investigates whether project size and age impact defect density.
- [Analysis of Practical Software Project Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/16/analysis-of-practical-software-project-estimation/) - Learn how Project Delivery Rate can be estimated using software and team sizes, using the ISBSG book, "Practical Software Project Estimation".
- [Analysis of Project Size per Year](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/08/22/analysis-of-project-size-per-year/) - This short paper examines whether there have been more New Development or Enhancement type projects submitted to the ISBSG Repository. It investigates whether the median project size for these projects has increased or decreased over time.
- [Benchmark Act Improve](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/benchmark-act-improve/) - Organisations spend much on the development and maintenance of software applications. IT managers often don’t know if productivity, cost, speed of delivery and quality of the deliverables are competitive. When outsourcing, suppliers are often chosen based on hourly rates and not on capability. Benchmarking highlights how development & maintenance organizations perform and where they can improve. This presentation explores benchmarking and how it can be performed using the ISBSG repository.
- [IT Conference 2020](https://www.isbsg.org/2021/08/25/it-conference-2020/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_color='' row_boxshadow_width='10' custom_margin='' margin='0px' mobile_breaking='' border='' border_color='' radius='0px' padding='0px' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_color='' column_boxshadow_width='10' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_color1='' background_gradient_color2='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' src='' background_position='top left' background_rep
- [testpdqcsv4](https://www.isbsg.org/testpdqcsv4/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333
- [Agile Team Velocity Analysis](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/09/30/agile-team-velocity-analysis/) - Velocity is a key metric which is used to measure the work delivered by an Agile team. While story points represent the effort required to complete a unit of work, they are subjective. Therefore, the velocity calculated using story points can be unreliable. However, function points, which quantify the functional size of software, provide a more objective and consistent basis for measuring velocity. By using function points, teams can gain a clearer understanding of their delivery speed and make 
- [Software Products](https://www.isbsg.org/2018/08/19/software-products/) - A presentation, in Spanish, from leading software development productivity company, LedaMC.
- [IT Conference 2023](https://www.isbsg.org/it-conference-2023/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='featured' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-img_copyright
- [Impact of Requirements on Agile Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/05/01/impact-of-requirements-on-agile-projects/) - Agile methodologies emphasize flexibility and continuous adaptation, but clear requirements are still crucial for efficient development. The effective management of project requirements can: contribute to a team's ability to deliver working software in short iterations, minimize rework caused by misunderstandings, ensure the final product aligns with stakeholder expectations. This short paper investigates the impact of the effort spent on the design phase and its impact on productivity, in agile
- [testpdqcsv](https://www.isbsg.org/testpdqcsv/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='av-align-top' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_width='10' row_boxshadow_color='' custom_margin='' margin='0px' av-desktop-margin='' av-medium-margin='' av-small-margin='' av-mini-margin='' mobile_breaking='' mobile_column_order='' border='' border_style='solid' border_color='' radius='' min_col_height='' padding='' av-desktop-padding='' av-medium-padding='' av-small-padding='' av-mini-padding='' svg_div_top='' svg_div_top_color='#333333
- [Software Cost Estimation Certification](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/06/14/software-cost-estimation-certification/) - The success of a software development project depends on the accurate estimation of project costs. This short report looks at the importance of cost estimation maturity. It discusses the International Cost Estimating and Analysis Association (ICEAA). This is a non-profit organization that promotes the professional development of cost estimation and analysis skills. We review the cost-estimation educational modules and certification options provided by ICEAA.
- [ABAP SAP Projects](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/03/13/abap-sap-projects/) - SAP software enables organisations to manage their business processes. ABAP, SAP’s proprietary, programming language enables SAP systems to be customised to meet the requirements of the user organisation. This short report analyses projects coded in ABAP, in the ISBSG Repository. It examines the size, productivity and delivery speed of ABAP projects.
- [Software Costs Versus Rates](https://www.isbsg.org/2016/08/20/software-costs-versus-rates/) - Show the main conclusions from the Cost per Function Point vs Rates studies carried out by LEDAmc. Quality performance vs productivity indicators in two real scenarios, are discussed.
- [Benchmarking Agile Development Teams](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/30/estimation-of-a-redevelopment-project-2/) - A telecommunications provider faced challenges in assessing the performance of its agile development teams, working on Java-based projects. The company lacked a standardized approach to measure key performance indicators. It was unable to determine how the team compared to industry standards. A lack of data-driven insights prevented the company from identifying areas of improvement. The benchmarking process used to evaluate the agile development teams relied upon ISBSG data. It involved a struct
- [Software Cost Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/09/19/software-cost-estimation-3/) - Software development projects often fail to meet expectations, exceed budgets, and overrun schedules. Often, the cause is bad estimation practices. Nesma and the International Cost Estimation and Analysis Association (ICEAA) developed the Cost Estimation Body of Knowledge for Software (CEBoK-S). This presentation addresses the industry's main issues, CEBoK-S and aims to solve these issues. ISBSG data is used to estimate software projects using functional size and relevant historic data.
- [How to Use ISBSG Data for Software Project Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/2023/10/10/how-to-use-isbsg-data-for-software-project-estimation/) - This short paper discusses how ISBSG data is used by leading industry experts, including certified Software Cost Estimators, to estimate the cost of software development projects. The paper discusses the difficulties and challenges inherent in software project cost estimation. It also explores how estimation has evolved in Agile contexts. A detailed example demonstrates the steps taken to make a cost estimation for a sample project.
- [Landing Page2](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/11/10/landing-page1-2/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='featured' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-img_copyright
- [Benchmarking Outsourcing Application Development Contracts](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/10/01/benchmarking-outsourcing-application-development-contracts/) - The effective benchmarking of outsourcing application development contracts is critical to optimize performance, cost, and quality. This presentation explores the use of ISBSG data to obtain robust benchmarks for outsourced software development projects. We discuss: selecting relevant ISBSG data, aligning benchmarks with project goals, and addressing challenges in comparing diverse outsourcing contracts. Attendees will gain insights on vendor performance, inefficiencies, and competitive pricing.
- [Reports](https://www.isbsg.org/reports/) - Expand your knowledge on important software project topics. We statistically analyse the ISBSG project data to produce valuable insights.
- [Benchmarking Software Productivity and Quality for Large-Language Models and Low-Code/No-Code](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/benchmarking-software-productivity-and-quality-for-large-language-models-and-low-code-no-code/) - Code generation through Large Language Models and the adoption of Low-Code/No-Code platforms have transformed traditional software development. A reassessment of conventional benchmarking methodologies is required. Updated productivity models that accurately reflect these contexts are required. Through benchmarking standards and metrics that reflect these innovative development modalities, organizations can better understand the true impact of these technologies on software delivery efficiency a
- [Mobile App Development](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/08/17/analysis-of-delivery-speed-2-2-2/) - Many organizations provide mobile applications (i.e. apps) for use on smart phones and tablets. Apps are an interface between a company and its customers, providing functionality and support. Hence, companies must be able to quickly add new functionality to apps. This short report compares key metrics for enahancements to Android and IOS apps to determine if there is a difference in their development platforms.
- [Agile Planning and Monitoring with Kanban and Measurement](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/07/01/agile-planning-and-monitoring-with-kanban-and-measurement/) - Determining IT workforce requirements is an important part of software development planning. To achieve this, a work model supported by a parametric, repeatable, and auditable functional size measurement method, should be used. This enables organizations to plan and monitor development in a simple and agile manner, especially when adopting frameworks like Kanban or Scrum. Having a measurement-based historical database populated with trustworthy data is crucial for effective planning and monitori
- [2021 Conference Call for Presentations](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/2021-conference-call-for-presentations/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_color='' row_boxshadow_width='10' custom_margin='' margin='0px' mobile_breaking='' border='' border_color='' radius='0px' padding='0px' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_color='' column_boxshadow_width='10' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_color1='' background_gradient_color2='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' src='' background_position='top left' background_rep
- [Project Delivery Rate or Productivity](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/02/12/project-delivery-rate-or-productivity/) - Is the Project Delivery Rate (PDR) and Productivity the same measure? Are the values unique for all projects? What are the main drivers used to determine an appropriate value for PDR and Productivity so they provide a reference range of values?
- [Overview of ISBSG Resources](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/05/18/analysis-of-delivery-speed-2-2/) - The ISBSG website offers a range of resources to: optimize project outcomes, advance software engineering knowledge, and support organizations in achieving competitive excellence. ISBSG resources include: data repositories, benchmarking tools, publications, educational resources, and community engagement opportunities. By leveraging the D&E and Maintenance repositories, PDQ tool, reports, and free content, stakeholders can make informed decisions, validate estimations, and benchmark performance 
- [Landing Page1](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/05/08/landing-page1/) - [av_slideshow_full img_copyright='' size='featured' min_height='0px' stretch='' control_layout='av-control-default' slider_navigation='av-navigate-arrows av-navigate-dots' nav_visibility_desktop='' nav_arrow_color='' nav_arrow_bg_color='' nav_dots_color='' nav_dot_active_color='' src='' attachment='' attachment_size='' position='top left' repeat='no-repeat' attach='scroll' img_copyright_font='' av-desktop-font-img_copyright_font='' av-medium-font-img_copyright_font='' av-small-font-img_copyright
- [Impact of AI on Productivity and Delivery Speed](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/02/05/impact-of-ai-on-productivity-and-delivery-speed/) - The software development landscape has recently experienced rapid changes driven by the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. While AI can improve the speed and efficiency of development teams, it also has the potential to lower code quality. This short report uses the ISBSG Repository to determine the impact of AI on key metrics. Comparisons between pre-AI and post-AI data indicate whether the adoption of AI tools has led to positive improvements in the productivity and del
- [Resources-Estimation](https://www.isbsg.org/resources-estimation/) - Accurate estimations are essential to the success of software projects. They must include contingencies for potential issues.
- [Inhouse versus Outsourced Applications](https://www.isbsg.org/2024/02/20/inhouse-versus-outsourced-applications/) - Many organizations employ software development experts to develop applications that are used inhouse or sold to customers. Other organizations outsource application development to specialized, external companies. In this short paper, we examine the differences in productivity and delivery speed between in-house and outsourced application development.
- [Move High-Code to Low-Code](https://www.isbsg.org/2026/01/21/move-high-code-to-low-code/) - This short report examines a company's business case to change the platform of their main system, from high-code to low-code. Current maintenance activities were considered, along with ongoing enhancements to the system. Productivity benchmarks from ISBSG Data Repositories were obtained for low-code projects. This enabled the calculation of potential productivity and cost gains from moving from high to low-code environments. Financial metrics, such as Payback Period, Net Present Value and Intern
- [Functional Size Measurement](https://www.isbsg.org/2025/02/06/functional-size-measurement/) - Organizations pay large sums of money to have external companies benchmark their IT infrastructure. Application development, maintenance and support is often beyond the scope of these benchmarks. Ironically, the amount of money spent on these activities is, for many organizations, more than 50% of the total IT spend. The functional size of applications enables the calculation of valuable, benchmarking metrics. They include: Project Delivery Rate, Cost Efficiency, Delivery Speed and Value Deliver
- [Software Sizing](https://www.isbsg.org/2020/09/18/software-sizing/) - Determining software size is a critical step. This presentation presents an overview of early software sizing techniques available.
- [Disclaimer](https://www.isbsg.org/disclaimer/) - [av_one_full first min_height='' vertical_alignment='' space='' row_boxshadow='' row_boxshadow_color='' row_boxshadow_width='10' custom_margin='' margin='0px' mobile_breaking='' border='' border_color='' radius='0px' padding='0px' column_boxshadow='' column_boxshadow_color='' column_boxshadow_width='10' background='bg_color' background_color='' background_gradient_color1='' background_gradient_color2='' background_gradient_direction='vertical' src='' background_position='top left' background_rep

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